Effect of bedrock flow on catchment rainfall‐runoff characteristics and the water balance in forested catchments in Tanzawa Mountains,Japan     

Tomoki Oda  Masakazu Suzuki  Tomohiro Egusa  Yoshimi Uchiyama 《水文研究》2013,27(26):3864-3872

In this paper, we examined the role of bedrock groundwater discharge and recharge on the water balance and runoff characteristics in forested headwater catchments. Using rigorous observations of catchment precipitation, discharge and streamwater chemistry, we quantified net bedrock flow rates and contributions to streamwater runoff and the water balance in three forested catchments (second‐order to third‐order catchments) underlain by uniform bedrock in Japan. We found that annual rainfall in 2010 was 3130 mm. In the same period, annual discharge in the three catchments varied from 1800 to 3900 mm/year. Annual net bedrock flow rates estimated by the chloride mass balance method at each catchment ranged from ?1600 to 700 mm/year. The net bedrock flow rates were substantially different in the second‐order and third‐order catchments. During baseflow, discharge from the three catchments was significantly different; conversely, peak flows during large storm events and direct runoff ratios were not significantly different. These results suggest that differences in baseflow discharge rates, which are affected by bedrock flow and intercatchment groundwater transfer, result in the differences in water balance among the catchments. This study also suggests that in these second‐order to third‐order catchments, the drainage area during baseflow varies because of differences between the bedrock drainage area and surface drainage area, but that the effective drainage area during storm flow approaches the surface drainage area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

无水氯化锶的制备工艺研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

邹兴武  王树轩  杨占寿  王舒娅  祁米香 《盐湖研究》2012,20(2):39-43

依托青海锶资源优势,以次等品碳酸锶和工业盐酸为原料,制备了无水氯化锶。并对除钡、除铁、除硫、脱水干燥等工艺进行了研究。产品能达到一般工业品的要求。氯化锶的制备不仅丰富我省锶产品的种类,而且增加了锶资源企业的抗风险能力。  相似文献   

碳质银精矿氯化浸出工艺的研究与应用     

杨凤云  李滦宁  梁宏伟  赵淑杰  张军  崔玉果  于长江 《世界地质》2010,29(2):347-351

采用氧化焙烧工艺对碳质银精矿进行除碳、除硫预处理,试验确定焙烧温度为650℃。焙砂以3YL--NaCl无氰氯化体系浸出,研究了影响氯化浸出的因素:3YL用量、氯化钠浓度、浸出酸度、时间、温度℃及固液比等,并在试验确定的工艺条件下,进行了公斤级试验,得出Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn的氯化浸出率分别为95.1%、91.6%、85.7%、95.2%、83.8%。  相似文献   

Ground Based FTIR Measurements of Stratospheric Species from Harestua, Norway During Sesame and Comparison with Models     

B. Galle  J. Mellqvist  D.W. Arlander  I. Fløisand  M.P. Chipperfield  A.M. Lee 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,32(1):147-164

Vertical columns of HF, HCl, HNO3, ClONO2, N2O, ClO and COF2 were measured at Harestua, Norway (60.22° N, 10.75° E, Elevation 600 a.s.l.) beginning on 24 November 1994 and concluding on 1 May 1995 during Phase-III of the SESAME (Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment) measurement campaign. The vertical columns of HCl, HNO3 and ClONO2 measured on 81 days were compared with columns calculated by the 3-D Cambridge model SLIMCAT. In addition the results were also interpreted by comparison with a photochemical trajectory model. Good agreement was seen for HCl while the nitrogen compounds showed larger discrepancies, especially for ClONO2. Evidence for chlorine activation was seen with 65% reduction of the chlorine reservoirs (HCl + ClONO2) while the levels of ClO were greatly enhanced. Interpretation of the loss with the trajectory model indicated condensation of chlorine on PSCs. The vertical column ratio of COF2 and HF was measured to 0.21 outside the vortex and a factor of two lower inside. The recovery of ClONO2 was seen to be much faster than that of HCl in the early spring.  相似文献   

氯化镁及其水合物的标准溶解焓与生成焓     

翟宗玺 《盐湖研究》1993,(1)

利用精密量热仪测定了MgCl_2、MgCl_2·2H_2O、MgCl_2·4H_2O和MgCl_2·6H_2O在298.15°K溶于水的积分溶解热,并利用Pitzer电解质溶液的。~ΦL方程,计算了溶质的相对表观摩尔热焓,从而得到标准溶解焓分别为(KJ·mol~(-1))—155.86±0.17、—79.45±O.17,—41.78±O.18和—14.58±0.16;晶格能分别为—2490.36,—3158.37,—3772.70和—4376.56。二、四、六水合物的标准生成焓分别为—1289.39,—1898.72和—2497.58;水合焓分别为—76.41,—114.08和—141.28。  相似文献   

非水溶剂中电解质溶液活度系数的测定:NaCl在1,2-丙二醇中活度系数的测定   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10       下载免费PDF全文

王卫东  向翠丽  胡珍珠  陆江林 《盐湖研究》2004,12(1):43-45

应用钠离子选择性电极和Ag-AgCl电极组成可逆电池,通过测定电池的电动势,应用Debye H櫣ckel极限公式,计算了不同温度下NaCl在1,2-丙二醇非水溶剂中的活度系数,并根据电解质溶液的溶剂化理论对NaCl的活度系数的某些变化规律进行了讨论。  相似文献   

反浮选-冷结晶法生产氯化钾浮选法除钙研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

牛桂然  唐宏学 《盐湖研究》2006,14(1):14-16

研究了青海察尔汗盐湖水采光卤石矿生产氯化钾工艺中浮选除钙的方法。实验结果表明,分级浮选法除钙率平均达88.16%,接近原矿的理论可除钙离子量91.58%。  相似文献   

氯化钠存在下氯化亚锡-十六烷基三甲基氯化铵体系浮选分离复杂金属基体中锇   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高云涛 杨宏施润菊  项朋志 《岩矿测试》2006,25(3):246-248

研究了氯化钠存在下氯化亚锡-十六烷基三甲基氯化铵体系对Os（Ⅳ）-三氯锡酸络阴离子的浮选行为。实验表明，在盐酸介质中，体系可以浮选分离Os（Ⅳ），其浮选率为95．2％。98.0％。方法加标回收率为94．0％-98．5％，精密度为2．1％-7．7％（RSD，n=5）。方法可用于从大量基体金属中分离Os（Ⅳ），对实际样品分离的分析结果与其他方法推荐值相符。  相似文献   

Isotopic Composition of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons in Emissions from Biomass Burning     

K. v. Czapiewski  E. Czuba  L. Huang  D. Ernst  A.L. Norman  R. Koppmann  J. Rudolph 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,43(1):45-60

The stable carbon isotope ratios of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and methyl chloride emitted from biomass burning were determined by analyzing seven whole air samples collected during different phases of the burning process as part of a laboratory study of wood burning. The average of the stable carbon isotope ratios of emitted alkanes, alkenes and aromatic compounds is identical to that of the burnt fuel; more than 50% of the values are within a range of ±1.5 of thecomposition of the burnt fuel wood. Thus for the majority of NMHC emitted from biomass burning stable carbon isotope ratio of the burnt fuel a good first order approximation for the isotopic composition of the emissions. Of the more than twenty compounds we studied, only methyl chloride and ethyne differed in stable carbon isotope ratios by more than a few per mil from the composition of the fuel. Ethyne is enriched in ¹³C by approximately 20–30, and most of the variability can beexplained by a dependence on flame temperature. The ¹³C values decreaseby 0.019 /K (±0.0053/K) with increasing temperature. Methyl chloride is highly depleted in ¹³C, on average by25. However the results cover a wide range of nearly 30. Specifically, in two measurements with wood from Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus delegatensis) as fuel we observed the emission of extremely light methyl chloride (–68.5and–65.5). This coincides with higher than average emission ratiosfor methyl chloride (15.5 × 10^–5 and 18 ×10^–5 mol CH₃Cl/mol CO₂). These high emission ratios are consistent with the highchlorine content of the burnt fuel, although, due to the limited number of measurements, it would be premature to generalize these findings. The limited number of observations also prevents any conclusion on a systematic dependence between chlorine content of the fuel, emission ratios and stable carbon isotope ratio of methyl chloride emissions. However, our results show that a detailed understanding of the emissions of methyl chloride from chloride rich fuels is important for understanding its global budget. It is also evident that the usefulness of stable carbon isotope ratios to constrain the global budget of methyl chloride will be complicated by the very large variability of the stable carbon isotope ratio of biomass burning emissions. Nevertheless, ultimately the large fractionation may provide additional constraints for the contribution of biomass burning emissions to the atmospheric budget of methyl chloride.  相似文献   

Sur l'origine par altération du substratum schisteux de la minéralisation chlorurée des eaux d'une nappe côtière sous climat semi-aride (Chtouka-Massa,Maroc)     

Samira Krimissa  Jean-Luc Michelot  Lhoussaine Bouchaou  Jacques Mudry  Youssef Hsissou 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(15):1363-1369

The origin of chloride ions in groundwater from the Chtouka-Massa plain (Morocco) was studied by using chemical and isotopic analyses of water, and petrographic and chemical analyses of rocks. It appears that the schist formation, which forms the basement of the studied aquifer, is the main source of the high Cl^? concentrations in groundwater. In these schists, chloride is, for a part, probably contained in biotites, and is released into groundwater through the weathering of these minerals. However, the exceptionally high chloride contents of these schists are difficult to explain if one does not assume that they also contain evaporitic-type minerals. To cite this article: S. Krimissa et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献